Changelog:

• 9 October 2021: be explicit that valA/B are register value inputs, mention rvalA name being used in pipelab1

Your task

1. In a file called pipehw1.hcl, implement a five-stage pipelined Y86 processor (using the pipeline stages described in the textbook) that includes these instructions and uses forwarding to resolve hazards:
   • nop
   • halt
   • irmovq
   • rrmovq
   • OPq, and
   • cmovXX

   (Implement all five stages even though no instructions use the memory stage.)

   You will probably start with your pipelab1 implementation (which includes nop, halt, irmovq, and rrmovq, but with only two stages).

2. Test your implementation with make test-pipehw1.

3. Submit your pipehw1.hcl to kytos.

Hints/Approach

General Approach

1. Get to know and love figure 4.41 (page 424 of the 3rd edition, page 403 of the 2nd). To match the textbook’s text, the name of these registers would be fF, fD, dE, eM, and mW.

2. We prefer to not add all the registers to each register bank in advance, instead adding them as needed for the instructions you implement.

Stalling for halt

You will only need one pipeline stall for this homework: if the Stat computed during Fetch is not STAT_AOK, you need to prevent additional instructions from being fetched. One way to do this is to adjust the logic that sets f_pc. Another is to stall the register bank feeding the fetch stage.

Note that you’ll need to pass that non-OK Stat down through all the pipeline registers before putting it into the Stat output, so this will require 4 cycles during which new instructions are not fetched

When you extend this processor to handle memory instructions, this stall will help you ensure that a program like:

      irmovq $10, %rax
halt
rmmovq %rax, 10(%rax)

    

does not write a value to memory, and otherwise prevent changing the state of your processor because of logically unexecuted instructions.

Forwarding

For these instructions, rrmovq and OPq read a register but either irmovq or rrmovq or OPq could be writing it.

One approach, suggested by our textbook and similar to what you did in pipelab1, is to add a mux to the register value inputs d_valA and d_valB to the dE register (like most students do for pipelab1 (though you may called them rvalA instead of valA)) that checks for things like

      reg_srcA == m_dstE : m_valE;

    

and so on for all the other possible overlaps of srcs and dsts that are later in the pipeline.

(Another approach would be to add a MUX before the ALU inputs (replacing direct uses of E_valA and E_valB), checking for things like:

          E_srcA == M_dstE : M_valE;

    

and so on for all the other possible overlaps of srcs and dsts that are later in the pipeline, and to separately handle forwarding values from writeback to decode.)

OPq and condition codes

1. Put the condition codes in their own register bank; you don’t want to bubble them if you bubble another register bank as part of stalling a stage.

2. Check the condition codes in execute (based on the ifun there) and store the result of that comparison in the eM register bank. This will be helpful later when you implement jXX.

cmovXX and condition codes

To implement cmovXX, all you need to do is change reg_dstE to be either the value you’d normally predict for it or REG_NONE, depending on the truth of the condition codes. The easiest way to do that is probably by adding a mux in the execute stage, something like

      e_dstE = [
    /* this is a cmovXX and the condition codes are not satisfied */ : REG_NONE;
    1 : E_dstE;
];

    

Orgranizing your code

You may either put all your registers at the beginning of the file, or you may put them between the phases in question. The hclrs executable makes multiple passes through your file, so defining them after you use them is permitted and can lead to a more flow-oriented layout, but some people find that distracting and prefer to define before use. Whichever you prefer.

Specific test cases

Here, we hilight test cases for specific functionality. A common strategy is to get these test cases working in order, then proceed to more complete testing of the processor.

nop and halt and illegal instructions

The following program (y86/halt.yo)

      halt

    

should take 5 cycles to complete and do nothing (fetching address 0x0 four times and updating no registers or memory)

The following program (y86/nophalt.yo)

      nop
nop
nop
halt
nop
 

    

should take 8 cycles to complete and do nothing (fetching address 0x0, 0x1, 0x2, and then 0x3 five times (never fetch address 0x4) and update no registers or memory)

The following program (y86/ins.yo)

      nop
iaddq $1, %r8
halt
 

    

should take 6 cycles to complete, do nothing, and end with an invalid instruction error (error code 4, STAT_INS)

irmovq and rrmovq

The following program (y86/irrr7.yo)

      irmovq $1, %rax
rrmovq %rax, %rbx
 

    

should take 7 cycles to complete and leave 1 in both %rax and %rbx.

The following program (y86/rrmovq.yo)

      irmovq $5678, %rax
irmovq $34, %rcx
rrmovq %rax, %rdx
rrmovq %rcx, %rax
 

    

should take 9 cycles to complete and change the following registers:

      | RAX:               22   RCX:               22   RDX:             162e |

    

The following program (y86/irrr7b.yo)

      irmovq $0x1, %rax
irmovq $0x2, %rbx
irmovq $0x3, %rcx
rrmovq %rax, %rdx
rrmovq %rcx, %rbx
rrmovq %rbx, %rsi
rrmovq %rbx, %rdi

    

should take 12 cycles and change the following registers:

      | RAX:                1   RCX:                3   RDX:                1 |
| RBX:                3   RSP:                0   RBP:                0 |
| RSI:                3   RDI:                3   R8:                 0 |

    

OPq

The following program (y86/opq.yo)

      irmovq $7, %rdx
irmovq $3, %rcx
addq %rcx, %rbx
subq %rdx, %rcx
andq %rdx, %rbx
xorq %rcx, %rdx
andq %rdx, %rsi

    

should take 12 cycles and leave

      | RAX:                0   RCX: fffffffffffffffc   RDX: fffffffffffffffb |
| RBX:                3   RSP:                0   RBP:                0 |

    

A full trace is in testdata/pipe-traces/opq.txt.

The programs y86/forward1a.yo through y86/forward4a.yo and y86/forward1b.yo through y86/forward4b.yo systematically test forwarding cases involving irmovq and OPq.

cmovXX

The following program (y86/cmovXX.yo)

      irmovq $2766, %rbx
irmovq    $1, %rax
andq    %rax, %rax
cmovg   %rbx, %rcx
cmovne  %rbx, %rdx
irmovq   $-1, %rax
andq    %rax, %rax
cmovl   %rbx, %rsp
cmovle  %rbx, %rbp
xorq    %rax, %rax
cmove   %rbx, %rsi
cmovge  %rbx, %rdi
irmovq $2989, %rbx
irmovq    $1, %rax
andq    %rax, %rax
cmovl   %rbx, %rcx
cmove   %rbx, %rdx
irmovq   $-1, %rax
andq    %rax, %rax
cmovge  %rbx, %rsp
cmovg   %rbx, %rbp
xorq    %rax, %rax
cmovl   %rbx, %rsi
cmovne  %rbx, %rdi
irmovq    $0, %rbx

    

should take 30 cycles and leave 0xace in %rcx, %rdx, %rsp, %rbp, %rsi, and %rdi.

A full trace is available in testdata/pipe-traces/cmovXX.txt.

Other tests

make test-pipehw1 also runs the following tests, which overlap substantially with the above tests:

• prog1.yo through prog4.yo and prog8.yo
• cmov-noforward.yo
• irmovq-norcxrax.yo

If make test-pipehw1 produces a lot of output, you can do something like make test-pipehw1 >test-output.txt 2>&1 to have that output written to the file test-output.txt instead of the terminal.

Debugging

Our general advice for debugging this assignment:

• Use the values of the pipeline registers to figure out which instruction is in each pipeline stage;
• Redirect hclrs output to a text file and open it up in a text editor;
• Use the -d output;
• Write out what instruction is in each stage of the pipeline;
• Try to simplify the test cases so it’s easier to spot your problems;